\begin{thebibliography}{}

\bibitem[Ackermann, 2009]{Ackermann2009}
Ackermann, J.~R. (2009).
\newblock {Toward Open Source Hardware}.
\newblock {\em University of Dayton Law Review}, 34(2):183--222.

\bibitem[Allen, 1983]{Allen1983}
Allen, R. (1983).
\newblock {Collective invention}.
\newblock {\em Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization}, 4(1):1--24.

\bibitem[Amabile, 1998]{AmabileKillingCreativity1998}
Amabile, T.~M. (1998).
\newblock {How to kill creativity}.
\newblock {\em Harvard Business Review}, 76(5):76--88.

\bibitem[Ariely et~al., 2008]{ArielySearchForMeaning2008}
Ariely, D., Kamenica, E., and Prelec, D. (2008).
\newblock Man's search for meaning: The case of legos.
\newblock {\em Journal of Economic Behavior \& Organization}, 67(3-4):671--677.

\bibitem[Baldwin and Clark, 2006]{Baldwin2006a}
Baldwin, C.~Y. and Clark, K.~B. (2006).
\newblock {The architecture of participation: Does code architecture mitigate
  free riding in the open source development model?}
\newblock {\em Management Science}, 52(7):1116--1127.

\bibitem[Baldwin et~al., 2006]{Baldwin2006}
Baldwin, C.~Y., Hienerth, C., and {Von Hippel}, E. (2006).
\newblock {How user innovations become commercial products: A theoretical
  investigation and case study}.
\newblock {\em Research Policy}, 35(9):1291--1313.

\bibitem[Baldwin and von Hippel, 2009]{Baldwin2009}
Baldwin, C.~Y. and von Hippel, E. (2009).
\newblock {User and Open Collaborative Innovation: Ascendent Economic Models}.

\bibitem[Balka et~al., 2009]{Balka2009}
Balka, K., Raasch, C., and Herstatt, C. (2009).
\newblock {Open source enters the world of atoms: A statistical analysis of
  open design}.
\newblock {\em First Monday}, 14(11).

\bibitem[Baxter and Jack, 2008]{Baxter2008}
Baxter, P. and Jack, S. (2008).
\newblock {Qualitative Case Study Methodology : Study Design and Implementation
  for Novice Researchers}.
\newblock {\em The Qualitative Report}, 13(4):544--559.

\bibitem[Behlendorf, 1999]{Behlendorf1999}
Behlendorf, B. (1999).
\newblock {\em {Open Source as a Business Strategy. In “Open Sources: voices
  from the open source revolution”}}, pages 149--170.
\newblock O’Reilly, Sebastopol, CA.

\bibitem[Benkler, 2002]{Benkler2002CoasesPenguin}
Benkler, Y. (2002).
\newblock {Coase’s Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm}.
\newblock {\em Yale Law Journal}, 112(369).

\bibitem[Benkler, 2006]{Benkler2006TWON}
Benkler, Y. (2006).
\newblock {\em {The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms
  Markets And}}.
\newblock Yale University Press.

\bibitem[Bessen, 2005]{Bessen2005}
Bessen, J.~E. (2005).
\newblock {Open Source Software: Free Provision Of Complex Public Goods}.
\newblock {\em SSRN Electronic Journal}, (July).

\bibitem[Block et~al., 2010]{Block2010UserAndMfg}
Block, J., Bock, A., and Henkel, J. (2010).
\newblock {Commercializing Own User Innovations Inhouse - Benefits and
  Challenges of Manufacturer - User Integration}.

\bibitem[Bollinger et~al., 1999]{Bollinger1999}
Bollinger, T., Nelson, R., Self, K.~M., and Turnbull, S.~J. (1999).
\newblock {Open-Source Methods: Peering Through the Clutter}.
\newblock {\em IEEE Software}, (July/August):8--11.

\bibitem[Boudreau et~al., 2008]{Boudreau2008}
Boudreau, K.~J., Lacetera, N., Lakhani, K.~R., and Lydon, M. (2008).
\newblock {Parallel Search, Incentives and Problem Type: Revisiting the
  Competition and Innovation Link 1}.
\newblock {\em Technology}.

\bibitem[Bower and Christensen, 1995]{Bower_Christensen_1995}
Bower, J.~L. and Christensen, C.~M. (1995).
\newblock Disruptive technologies: Catching the wave.
\newblock {\em Harvard Business Review}, 73(1):43--53.

\bibitem[Breschi and Lissoni, 2001]{Breschi2001LocaliseKnowledgeSpills}
Breschi, S. and Lissoni, F. (2001).
\newblock {Localised knowledge spillovers vs. innovative milieux: Knowledge
  “tacitness” reconsidered}.
\newblock {\em Knowledge Creation Diffusion Utilization}, 273:255--273.

\bibitem[Cheshire, 2007]{Cheshire2007}
Cheshire, C. (2007).
\newblock {Selective Incentives and Generalized Information Exchange}.
\newblock {\em Social Psychology Quarterly}, 70(1):82----100.

\bibitem[Crowston and Howison, 2005]{Crowston2005}
Crowston, K. and Howison, J. (2005).
\newblock {The social structure of free and open source software development}.
\newblock {\em First Monday}, 10(2).

\bibitem[Dahlander, 2005]{Dahlander2005Motives}
Dahlander, L. (2005).
\newblock {Commercializing Open Source Software: the emergence of for-profit
  interests in a "free" world}.
\newblock volume~1, page~46.

\bibitem[Dahlander and O'Mahony, 2008]{DahlanderLateralAuth2008}
Dahlander, L. and O'Mahony, S. (2008).
\newblock {Progressing to the Center: The Antecedents and Consequences of
  Lateral Authority}.

\bibitem[Dahlander and Wallin, 2006]{Dahlander2006}
Dahlander, L. and Wallin, M. (2006).
\newblock {A man on the inside: Unlocking communities as complementary assets}.
\newblock {\em Research Policy}, 35(8):1243--1259.

\bibitem[Deci et~al., 2001]{DeciExtrRwrdsUndrmineIntrMotiv2001}
Deci, E.~L., Koestner, R., and Ryan, R.~M. (Spring 2001).
\newblock {Extrinsic Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation in Education:
  Reconsidered Once Again}.
\newblock {\em Review of Educational Research}, 71(1):1--27.

\bibitem[Drahos, 2004]{Drahos2004}
Drahos, P. (2004).
\newblock the regulation of public goods.
\newblock {\em Journal of International Economic Law}, 7(2):321--339.

\bibitem[Ellis and Levy, 2008]{Ellis2008}
Ellis, T.~J. and Levy, Y. (2008).
\newblock {Framework of Problem-Based Research : A Guide for Novice Researchers
  on the Development of a Research-Worthy Problem}.
\newblock {\em Informing Science}, 11.

\bibitem[Falk et~al., 2005]{Falk2005}
Falk, A., Kosfeld, M., and Falk, B.~A. (2005).
\newblock {The Hidden Costs of Control The Hidden Costs of Control}.
\newblock {\em Research in Economics}, (250).

\bibitem[Franke and Shah, 2003]{FrankeShah2003}
Franke, N. and Shah, S.~K. (2003).
\newblock {How Communities Support Innovative Activities: An Exploration of
  Assistance and Sharing among End-Users}.
\newblock {\em Research Policy}, 32(1):157--178.

\bibitem[Gacek et~al., 2002]{Gacek2002ManyMeaningsOfOS}
Gacek, C., Lawrie, T., and Arief, B. (2002).
\newblock {The many meanings of Open Source}.

\bibitem[Gibson et~al., 2010]{AdMfg2010}
Gibson, I., Rosen, D.~W., Stucker, B., Gibson, I., Rosen, D.~W., and Stucker,
  B. (2010).
\newblock Design for additive manufacturing.
\newblock In {\em Additive Manufacturing Technologies}, pages 283--316.
  Springer US.

\bibitem[Haefliger et~al., 2010]{Haefliger2010}
Haefliger, S., J\"{a}ger, P., and von Krogh, G. (2010).
\newblock {Under the radar: Industry entry by user entrepreneurs}.
\newblock {\em Research Policy}, 39(9):1198--1213.

\bibitem[Haefliger et~al., 2008]{Haefliger2008}
Haefliger, S., von Krogh, G., and Spaeth, S. (2008).
\newblock {Code Reuse in Open Source Software}.
\newblock {\em Management Science}, 54(1):180--193.

\bibitem[Hars and Ou, 2001]{Hars2001a}
Hars, A. and Ou, S. (2001).
\newblock {Working for free? Motivations of participating in open source
  projects}.
\newblock In {\em Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International
  Conference on System Sciences}, page~9. IEEE Comput. Soc.

\bibitem[Henkel and von Hippel, 2004]{Henkel2004}
Henkel, J. and von Hippel, E. (2004).
\newblock {Welfare Implications of User Innovation}.
\newblock {\em The Journal of Technology Transfer}, 30(1-2):73--87.

\bibitem[Herstatt and von Hippel, 1992]{HerstattvonHippel1992}
Herstatt, C. and von Hippel, E. (1992).
\newblock {Developing New Product Concepts Via the Lead User Method: A Case
  Study in a "Low Tech" Field}.
\newblock {\em Journal of Product Innovation Management}, 9:213--221.

\bibitem[Hope, 2004]{Hope2004}
Hope, J.~E. (2004).
\newblock {\em {Open Source Biotechnology}}.
\newblock Doctorate, Australian National University.

\bibitem[Jeppesen and Lakhani, 2010]{Jeppesen2010}
Jeppesen, L. and Lakhani, K.~R. (2010).
\newblock {Marginality and Problem-Solving Effectiveness in Broadcast Search}.
\newblock {\em Organization Science}, (February).

\bibitem[Kollock, 1999]{Kollock1999}
Kollock, P. (1999).
\newblock {\em {The economies of online cooperation: gifts and public goods in
  cyberspace}}.
\newblock Routledge, London.

\bibitem[Lakhani, 2003]{LakhaniHippel2003HowOSSWorks}
Lakhani, K. (2003).
\newblock {How open source software works: “free” user-to-user assistance}.
\newblock {\em Research Policy}, 32(6):923--943.

\bibitem[Lakhani and Panetta, 2007]{LakhaniPanetta2007PrinciplesOfDI}
Lakhani, K.~R. and Panetta, J.~A. (2007).
\newblock {The Principles of Distributed Innovation}.
\newblock {\em Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization},
  2(3):97--112.

\bibitem[Lakhani and Wolf, 2003]{LakhaniFlossMotivation2005}
Lakhani, K.~R. and Wolf, B. (2003).
\newblock {\em {Why Hackers Do What They Do: Understanding Motivation and
  Effort in Free/Open Source Software Projects in Perspectives on Free and Open
  Source Software}}.
\newblock MIT Press, Boston, MA.

\bibitem[Lather, 1992]{Lather1992}
Lather, P. (1992).
\newblock {Critical Inquiry in Qualitative Research: Feminist and
  Poststructural Perspectives: Science “After Truth”}.
\newblock {\em Theory into Practice}, XXXI.

\bibitem[Lee and Cole, 2003]{Lee2003}
Lee, G.~K. and Cole, R. (2003).
\newblock {From a firm-based to a community-based model of knowledge creation:
  The case of the Linux kernel development}.
\newblock {\em Organization Science}, 14(6):633--649.

\bibitem[Lessig, 2001]{lessig2001commons}
Lessig, L. (2001).
\newblock {\em The future of ideas : the fate of the commons in a connected
  world}.
\newblock Random House, New York, 1st ed. edition.

\bibitem[L\"{u}thje, 2003]{Luthje2003}
L\"{u}thje, C. (2003).
\newblock {Customers as Co-Inventors: An Empirical Analysis of the Antecedents
  of Customer-Driven Innovations in the Field of Medical Equipment.}
\newblock In {\em Proceedings from the 32th EMAC Conference}, Glasgow.

\bibitem[L\"{u}thje and Herstatt, 2006]{Luthje2006}
L\"{u}thje, C. and Herstatt, C. (2006).
\newblock {User-innovators and “local” information: The case of mountain
  biking}.
\newblock {\em Research Policy}, 34(6):951--965.

\bibitem[L\"{u}thje et~al., 2002]{Luthje2002}
L\"{u}thje, C., Herstatt, C., and von Hippel, E. (2002).
\newblock {The Dominant Role of "Local" Information in the User Innovation The
  Case of Mountain Biking}.
\newblock {\em SSRN Electronic Journal}, pages 1--32.

\bibitem[Maccormack et~al., 2008]{Maccormack2008}
Maccormack, A., Rusnak, J., and Baldwin, C.~Y. (2008).
\newblock {Exploring the Duality between Product and Organizational
  Architectures: A Test of the Mirroring Hypothesis}.

\bibitem[Mashima and Takahashi, 2008]{EmergenceOfGeneralizedExchange}
Mashima, R. and Takahashi, N. (2008).
\newblock The emergence of generalized exchange by indirect reciprocity.
\newblock In Biel, A., Eek, D., Garling, T., and Gustafsson, M., editors, {\em
  New Issues and Paradigms in Research on Social Dilemmas}, pages 159--176.
  Springer US.

\bibitem[Meyer, 2003]{Meyer2003CollectiveInvention}
Meyer, P.~B. (2003).
\newblock {Episodes of Collective Invention}.

\bibitem[Muffatto, 2006]{Muffatto2006}
Muffatto, M. (2006).
\newblock {\em {Open source: A multidisciplinary Approach. In: Series on
  Technology Management}}.
\newblock Imperial College Press, Padua, Italy.

\bibitem[Nuvolari, 2004]{Nuvolari2004}
Nuvolari, A. (2004).
\newblock {Collective invention during the British industrial revolution: the
  case of the Cornish pumping engine}.
\newblock {\em Cambridge Journal of Economics}, 28(3):99--119.

\bibitem[Nuvolari and Rullani, 2007]{Nuvolari2007}
Nuvolari, A. and Rullani, F. (2007).
\newblock {\em {Curious exceptions? Open source software and "open" technology.
  In: Handbook of research on open source software: Technological, economic,
  and social perspectives.}}
\newblock Information Science Reference, Hershey, New York.

\bibitem[Osterloh and Rota, 2007]{Osterloh2007}
Osterloh, M. and Rota, S. (2007).
\newblock {Open source software development - Just another case of collective
  invention?}
\newblock {\em Research Policy}, 36(2):157--171.

\bibitem[Raymond, 1999]{Raymond1999}
Raymond, E.~S. (1999).
\newblock {The cathedral and the bazaar}.
\newblock {\em Knowledge, Technology \& Policy}, 12(3):23--49.

\bibitem[Reeves, 2008]{Reeves2008}
Reeves, P. (2008).
\newblock {How rapid manufacturing could transform supply chains}.
\newblock {\em Supply Chain Quarterly}, 2(04):32--336.

\bibitem[Robottom and Hart, 1993]{Robottom1993}
Robottom, I. and Hart, P. (1993).
\newblock {Research in environmental education: Engaging the Debate}.
\newblock {\em Deakin University Press.}

\bibitem[Ryan and Deci, 2000]{RyanDeciSDT2000}
Ryan, R.~M. and Deci, E.~L. (2000).
\newblock {Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic
  motivation, social development, and well-being.}
\newblock {\em The American psychologist}, 55(1):68--78.

\bibitem[Shah, 2005]{Shah2005OpenBeyondSoft}
Shah, S.~K. (2005).
\newblock {\em {Open Beyond Software}}.
\newblock O’Reilly Media, Sebastopol, CA.

\bibitem[Shah and Tripsas, 2007]{ShahTripsas2007UserEntrepreneurship}
Shah, S.~K. and Tripsas, M. (2007).
\newblock {The accidental entrepreneur: the emergent and collective process of
  user entrepreneurship}.
\newblock {\em Strat. Entrepreneurship J.}, 140(November):123--140.

\bibitem[Shapiro and Varian, 1999]{Shapiro1999}
Shapiro, C. and Varian, H.~R. (1999).
\newblock {\em {Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy}}.
\newblock Harvard Business Press; 1st edition.

\bibitem[Shirky, 2005]{Shirky2005}
Shirky, C. (2005).
\newblock {\em {Epilogue: Open Source outside the domain of software. In:
  Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software.}}
\newblock MIT Press., Cambridge, MA.

\bibitem[Spaeth et~al., 2008]{Spaeth2008}
Spaeth, S., Haefliger, S., and Wallin, M. (2008).
\newblock {Open Source Software: What we know (and do not know) about motives
  to contribute}.

\bibitem[Spaeth and von Krogh, 2007]{SpaethKroghCharThatPromRes2007}
Spaeth, S. and von Krogh, G. (2007).
\newblock {The open source software phenomenon: Characteristics that promote
  research}.
\newblock {\em Journal of Strategic Information Systems}, 16:236--253.

\bibitem[Stake, 1995]{Stake1995}
Stake, R.~E. (1995).
\newblock {\em {The art of case study research}}.
\newblock Sage., Thousand Oaks, CA.

\bibitem[Tapscott and Williams, 2008]{Tapscott2008}
Tapscott, D. and Williams, A.~D. (2008).
\newblock {\em {Wikinomics}}.
\newblock Atlantic Books, London, fully revi edition.

\bibitem[Thomke et~al., 1998]{ThomkeHippelFranke1998Experimentation}
Thomke, S., von Hippel, E., and Franke, R. (1998).
\newblock {Modes of Experimentation: An Innovation Process and Competitive
  Variable}.
\newblock {\em Research Policy}, 27(3):315--332.

\bibitem[Thomke, 1998]{Thomke1998}
Thomke, S.~H. (1998).
\newblock Simulation, learning and r\&d performance: Evidence from automotive
  development.
\newblock {\em Research Policy}, 27(1):55--74.

\bibitem[Urban and von Hippel, 1988]{UrbanVonHippel1988}
Urban, G.~L. and von Hippel, E. (1988).
\newblock {Lead User Analyses for the Development of New Industrial Products}.
\newblock {\em Management Science}, 34(5):569--582.

\bibitem[von Hippel, 1976]{VonHippel1976}
von Hippel, E. (1976).
\newblock {The dominant role of users in the scientific instrument innovation
  process}.
\newblock {\em Research Policy}, 5:212--239.

\bibitem[von Hippel, 1988a]{VonHippel1988}
von Hippel, E. (1988a).
\newblock {\em {Shifting the Functional Source of Innovation}}.
\newblock Oxford University Press.

\bibitem[von Hippel, 1988b]{VonHippelSoI1988}
von Hippel, E. (1988b).
\newblock {\em {The sources of innovation}}.
\newblock Oxford University Press, New York.

\bibitem[von Hippel, 1995]{VonHippelStickyInfo1994}
von Hippel, E. (1995).
\newblock {"Sticky Information" and the Locus of Problem Solving: Implications
  for Innovation}.
\newblock {\em Management Science}, 40(4):429--439.

\bibitem[von Hippel, 2001]{VonHippel2001FlossToSports}
von Hippel, E. (2001).
\newblock {Innovation by User Communities: Learning from Open-Source Software}.
\newblock {\em MIT Sloan Management Review}, Summer 200:82--86.

\bibitem[von Hippel, 2005a]{VonHippelDI2005}
von Hippel, E. (2005a).
\newblock {\em {Democratizing Innovation}}.
\newblock MIT Press, Cambridge.

\bibitem[von Hippel, 2005b]{EvH_DI_intro2005}
von Hippel, E. (2005b).
\newblock {\em {Introduction and overview}}, volume~44, chapter~1, pages 1--17.
\newblock MIT Press, Cambridge.

\bibitem[von Hippel, 2006]{VonHippel2006DI_InnoCommunities}
von Hippel, E. (2006).
\newblock {\em {Innovation Communities}}, chapter~7, page~93.
\newblock MIT Press, Cambridge.

\bibitem[von Hippel, 2007]{VonHippel2007}
von Hippel, E. (2007).
\newblock {Horizontal innovation networks--by and for users}.
\newblock {\em Industrial and Corporate Change}, 16(2):293--315.

\bibitem[von Hippel et~al., 2010]{VonHippel2010HHI}
von Hippel, E., {De Jong}, J., and Flowers, S. (2010).
\newblock {Comparing Business and Household Sector Innovation in Consumer
  Products: Findings from a Representative Study in the UK}.
\newblock {\em Social Science Research Network}, (September):1--39.

\bibitem[von Hippel and Finkelstein, 1979]{VonHippelFinkelStein1979}
von Hippel, E. and Finkelstein, S. (1979).
\newblock {Analysis of Innovation in Automated Clinical Chemistry Analyzers}.
\newblock {\em Science \& Public Policy}, 6(1):24-- 37.

\bibitem[von Hippel and Franke, 2003]{VonHippel2003}
von Hippel, E. and Franke, N. (2003).
\newblock {Satisfying Heterogeneous User Needs via Innovation Toolkits: The
  Case of Apache Security Software}.
\newblock {\em Research Policy}, 32(7):1199--1215.

\bibitem[von Hippel and Jong, 2010]{VonHippel2010}
von Hippel, E. and Jong, J. P. J.~D. (2010).
\newblock {Open, distributed and user-centered: Towards a paradigm shift in
  innovation policy}.

\bibitem[von Hippel and Riggs, 1994]{VonHippelRiggs1994}
von Hippel, E. and Riggs, W. (1994).
\newblock {The Impact of Scientific and Commercial Values on the Sources of
  Scientific Instrument Innovation}.
\newblock {\em Research Policy}, 23(July):459--469.

\bibitem[von Hippel and von Krogh, 2003]{VonHippel2003PrivateCollective}
von Hippel, E. and von Krogh, G. (2003).
\newblock {Open Source Software and the "Private-Collective" Innovation Model:
  Issues for Organization Science}.
\newblock {\em Organization Science}, 14(2):209--223.

\bibitem[von Hippel and von Krogh, 2006]{VonHippelKrogh2006}
von Hippel, E. and von Krogh, G. (2006).
\newblock {Free revealing and the private-collective model for innovation
  incentives}.
\newblock {\em R and D Management}, 36(3):295--306.

\bibitem[von Krogh et~al., 2003]{vonKrogh2003CommJoinSpecialize}
von Krogh, G., Spaeth, S., and Lakhani, K.~R. (2003).
\newblock {Community, joining, and specialization in open source software
  innovation: a case study}.
\newblock {\em Research Policy}, 32(7):1217--1241.

\bibitem[von Krogh and von Hippel, 2003]{Krogh2003}
von Krogh, G. and von Hippel, E. (2003).
\newblock {Special issue on open source software development}.
\newblock {\em Research Policy}, 32:1149--1157.

\bibitem[Weber, 2004]{Weber2004}
Weber, S. (2004).
\newblock {\em {The success of open source}}.
\newblock Harvard University Press, Boston.

\bibitem[Yin, 2002]{Yin2002}
Yin, R.~K. (2002).
\newblock {\em {Case study research : design and methods}}.
\newblock Sage Publications, Inc, Thousand Oaks ; London ; New Delhi : Sage,
  3rd edition.

\end{thebibliography}
